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Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson〔Crawford (1987) p. 63〕 also known as Thorfinn Skull-splitter〔Thomson (2008) p. 57〕 (from the Old Norse ''Þorfinnr hausakljúfr'')〔Thomson (2008) p. 56〕 was a 10th-century Earl of Orkney. He appears in the ''Orkneyinga saga'' and briefly in ''St Olaf's Saga'', as incorporated into the ''Heimskringla''. These compelling stories were first written down in Iceland in the early 13th century and much of the information they contain is "hard to corroborate".〔Woolf (2007) p. 242〕
==Family==
Thorfinn was the youngest son of Torf-Einarr, himself the son of Rognvald Eysteinsson, the first Earl of Orkney. Torf-Einarr had two other sons, Arnkel and Erlend who "fell in a war expedition"〔Sturlason, Snorri Chapter 99. "History of the Earls of Orkney".〕 at an unspecified location in England along with Erik Bloodaxe.〔''Orkneyinga Saga'' (1981) Chapter 8. p. 33〕 Erik's widow, Gunnhildr then fled north to Orkney with her sons who used the islands as a base for summer raiding expeditions.〔
Thorfinn had five sons: Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodvir, Ljot, and Skuli. Their mother was Grelad, a daughter of "Earl Dungad of Caithness" and Groa, herself a daughter of Thorstein the Red.〔 Grelad's Norse credentials were thus impressive, but it has been suggested that her connection to this "earl" of Caithness may have been more important for the Orkney earldom. It is likely that Dungad was a member of a pre-Norse era ruling family and that the marriage brought Groa's descendents within the Celtic ''derbfine'' and helped to legitimise their ambitions on the north mainland of Scotland.〔 Thorfinn and Grelod also had two daughters whose names are not known,〔Crawford (1987) p. 54〕 each of whom had a son called Einar - Einar ''kliningr'' ("Buttered-bread") and Einar ''harðkjotr'' ("Hard-mouth").〔
Gunnhildr and her family later set out for Norway, but before they left they "gave" their daughter Ragnhild Eriksdotter to Arnfinn Thorfinnsson in marriage.〔 In the later days of Thorfinn's rule, the sons of Eric Bloodaxe fled Norway and returned to Orkney where they "committed great excesses".〔
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